The drum is a member of the percussion group of musical instruments, technically classified as the membranous.^[1] Drums consist of at least one membrane, called a drumhead or drum skin, that is stretched over a shell and struck, either directly with the player's hands, or with a drumstick, to produce sound. Other techniques have been used to cause drums to make sound, such as the thumb roll. Drums are the world's oldest and most ubiquitous musical instruments, and the basic design has remained virtually unchanged for thousands of years.^[1] Most drums are considered "untuned instruments", however many modern musicians are beginning to tune drums to songs; Terry Bozzio has constructed a kit using diatonic and chromatically tuned drums. A few types of drums such as timpani are always tuned to a certain pitch. Often, several drums are arranged together to create a drum kit.^[2]

Contents [hide] 1 Construction 2 Sound of a drum 3 Uses 4 History 4.1 Animal drumming 4.2 Talking drums 4.3 Military uses 5 Types of drum 6 See also 7 References 8 External links

Construction

The shell almost invariably has a circular opening over which the drumhead is stretched, but the shape of the remainder of the shell varies widely. In the western musical tradition, the most usual shape is a cylinder, although timpani, for example, use bowl-shaped shells^[1]. Other shapes include a frame design (tar, Bodhrán), truncated cones (bongo drums, Ashiko), goblet shaped (djembe), and joined truncated cones (talking drum).
Drums with cylindrical shells can be open at one end (as is the case with timbales), or can have two drum heads. Single-headed drums normally consist of a skin which is stretched over an enclosed space, or over one of the ends of a hollow vessel. Drums with two heads covering both ends of a cylindrical shell often have a small hole somewhat halfway between the two heads; the shell forms a resonating chamber for the resulting sound. Exceptions include the African slit drum, also known as a log drum as it is made from a hollowed-out tree trunk, and the Caribbean steel drum, made from a metal barrel. Drums with two heads can also have a set of wires, called snares, held across the bottom head, top head, or both heads, hence the name snare drum^[1].
On modern band and orchestral drums, the drumhead is placed over the opening of the drum, which in turn is held onto the shell by a "counterhoop" (or "rim), which is then held by means of a number of tuning screws called "tension rods" which screw into lugs placed evenly around the circumference. The head's tension can be adjusted by loosening or tightening the rods. Many such drums have six to ten tension rods. The sound of a drum depends on several variables, including shape, size and thickness of its shell, materials from which the shell was made, counterhoop material, type of drumhead used and tension applied to it, position of the drum, location, and the velocity and angle in which it is struck.^[1]
Prior to the invention of tension rods drum skins were attached and tuned by rope systems such as that used on the Djembe or pegs and ropes such as that used on Ewe Drums, a system rarely used today, although sometimes seen on regimental marching band snare drums^[1].

Sound of a drum

Several factors determine the sound a drum produces, including the type, shape and construction of the drum shell, the type of drum heads it has, and the tension of these drumheads. Different drum sounds have different uses in music. Take, for example, the modern Tom-tom drum. A jazz drummer may want drums that are high pitched, resonant and quiet whereas a rock drummer may prefer drums that are loud, dry and low-pitched. Since these drummers want different sounds, their drums will be constructed a little differently.
The drum head has the most effect on how a drum sounds. Each type of drum head serves its own musical purpose and has its own unique sound. Double-ply drumheads dampen high frequency harmonics since they are heavier and they are suited to heavy playing^[3]. Drum heads with a white, textured coating on them muffle the overtones of the drum head slightly, producing a less diverse pitch. Drum heads with central silver or black dots tend to muffle the overtones even more. And drum heads with perimeter sound rings mostly eliminate overtones (Howie 2005). Some jazz drummers avoid using thick drum heads, preferring single ply drum heads or drum heads with no muffling. Rock drummers often prefer the thicker or coated drum heads.
The second biggest factor affecting the sound produced by a drum is the tension at which the drum head is held against the shell of the drum. When the hoop is placed around the drum head and shell and tightened down with tension rods, the tension of the head can be adjusted. When the tension is increased, the amplitude of the sound is reduced and the frequency is increased, making the pitch higher and the volume lower.
The type of shell also affects the sound of a drum. Because the vibrations resonate in the shell of the drum, the shell can be used to increase the volume and to manipulate the type of sound produced. The larger the diameter of the shell, the lower the pitch. The larger the depth of the drum, the louder the volume. Shell thickness also determines the volume of drums. Thicker shells produce louder drums. Mahogany raises the frequency of low pitches and keeps higher frequencies at about the same speed. When choosing a set of shells, a jazz drummer may want smaller maple shells, while a rock drummer may want larger birch shells. For more information about tuning drums or the physics of a drum, visit the external links listed below.

Uses

Drums are usually played by the hand, or by one or two sticks. In many traditional cultures drums have a symbolic function and are often used in religious ceremonies. Drums are often used in music therapy, especially hand drums, because of their tactile nature and easy use by a wide variety of people.^[4]
Within the realm of popular music and jazz, "drums" usually refers to a drum kit or a set of drums (with some cymbals) and "drummer" to the actual band member or person who plays them.

History

Animal drumming

Macaque monkeys drum objects in a rhythmic way to show social dominance and this has been shown to be processed in a similar way in their brains to vocalizations suggesting an evolutionary origin to drumming as part of social communication.^[5] Other primates make drumming sounds by chest beating or hand clapping,^[6][7] and rodents such as kangaroo rats also make similar sounds using their paws on the ground.^[8]

Talking drums

In the past drums have been used not only for their musical qualities, but also as a means of communication, especially through signals. The talking drums of Africa can imitate the inflections and pitch variations of a spoken language and are used for communicating over great distances. Throughout Sri Lankan history drums have been used for communication between the state and the community, and Sri Lankan drums have a history stretching back over 2500 years.

Military uses

Chinese troops used tàigǔ drums to motivate troops, to help set a marching pace, and to call out orders or announcements. For example, during a war between Qi and Lu in 684 BC, the effect of drum on soldier's morale is employed to change the result of a major battle. Fife-and-drum corps of Swiss mercenary foot soldiers also used drums. They used an early version of the snare drum carried over the player's right shoulder, suspended by a strap (typically played with one hand using traditional grip). It is to this instrument that the English word "drum" was first used. Similarly, during the English Civil War rope-tension drums would be carried by junior officers as a means to relay commands from senior officers over the noise of battle. These were also hung over the shoulder of the drummer and typically played with two drum sticks. Different regiments and companies would have distinctive and unique drum beats which only they would recognize. In the mid 1800's, the Scottish military started incorporating pipe bands into their Highland Regiments.^[9]

Types of drum

Aburukuwa Ashiko Bass drums Batá Bodhrán Bongo drums Bougarabou Cajón Cocktail drum Chenda Conga Darbuka Davul Damphu

Dhak Dhimay Dhol Dholak Djembe Dong Son drum Drum kit Ewe Drums Goblet drum Hand drum Kpanlogo Log drum Madal Mridangam

Side drum (Marching snare drum) Slit drum Snare drum Steelpan (Steel drum) Tabor Tamborim Tambourine Taiko Tabla Talking drum Tapan Tar Tavil Tenor drums

Gitar bass listrik (biasa disebut Bass listrik atau bass saja) adalah alat musik dawai yang menggunakan listrik untuk memperbesar suaranya. Penampilannya mirip dengan gitar listrik tapi ia memiliki tubuh yang lebih besar, leher yang lebih panjang, dan biasanya memiliki empat senar (gitar listrik memiliki enam senar).
Tambahan:
Bobot dari bass sendiri idealnya lebih berat daripada gitar listrik biasa, karena senarnya yang lebih tebal (untuk menjaga kerendahan nada/bunyi) sehingga menyebabkan harus memilih kayu yang lebih padat dan keras untuk menyeimbangi tekanan pada neck (leher gitar).
Selain itu ukuran fret (kolom pada gitar) yang lebih besar yang disesuaikan dengan ketebalan senar.
Ada banyak jenis bass yang dipakai sampai dengan saat ini. Yang paling banyak dipakai berupa contra bass dan cello bass (yang biasa digunakan untuk pertunjukan opera), bass listrik (biasa digunakan untuk semua jenis pertunjukan terutama band) serta bass fretless yang sama dengan bass listrik tapi tidak ada fret (kolom/pembatas pada papan tekan/neck) pada bass tersebut. Prinsip kerja bass fretless mirip dengan contra/cello bass hanya saja berbentuk gitar listrik.

Senar dan Penalaan (Tuning)

• Empat senar

Biasanya ditalakan ke "G-D-A-E", "G-D-A-D", "G-D-G-D", "D-A-E-B", "D-A-D-B (biasanya pola ini dpakai untuk musik-musik underground/ open D), "F-C-G-D" atau "F-C-G-C"

• Lima senar

Biasanya ditalakan ke "G-D-A-E-B" tapi kadang-kadang "C-G-D-A-E".

• Enam senar

Biasanya ditalakan ke "A-B-C-D-E-F" atau "C-G-D-A-E-B", walaupun "E-B-G-D-A-E" juga suka dipakai.

Penalaan di atas diurutkan berdasarkan nomor senar (senar 1, senar 2, dan seterusnya), di mana senar 1 adalah senar terbawah dari gitar bass (senar yang paling tipis).
Pemain bass memilih menggunakan bass dengan lima senar atau pun enam senar dikarenakan lebih luasnya jangkauan nada yang bisa dimainkannya. Bass bersenar enam jarang dipakai daripada bass bersenar empat dan bass bersenar lima. Biasanya bass bersenar enam ini banyak dipakai oleh pemain bass beraliran jazz, walaupun tidak dimungkiri pemain beraliran rock-pun ada juga yang memakainya, dikarenakan lebih luasnya jangkauan nada yang bisa dimainkannya.

Gitar adalah alat musik berdawai yang dimainkan dengan jari-jemari tangan atau sebuah plektrum (alat petik gitar). Bunyinya dihasilkan dari senar-senar yang bergetar.
Gitar bisa berupa gitar akustik atau listrik, atau gabungan keduanya.

 

Sejarah Gitar

Keaslian gitar tidak dapat dilihat dari keantikannya. Beberapa ahli merasa alat ini berasal dari benua Afrika, dimana banyak Replika modern dalam bentuk kotak bulat seperti kulit kerang dengan Gut / benang benang sutera, di banyak daerah benua itu. Ahli lain menemukan alat ini dalam bentuk kaca di relief relief batu tua di zaman Asia Tengah dan Asia Kuno. Bahan pemikiran lain juga timbul dengan ditemukannya vas vas Yunani Kuno yang bercorak. Greek Strings mungkin adalah alat pertama yang dikatagorikan sebagai gitar. Gitar modern kemungkinan berakar dari gitar Spanyol, tetapi berbagai jenis gitar seperti instrumen instrumen yang kita bisa saksikan dilukisan lukisan pada zaman Medieval dan Renaiassance yang banyak terdapat diseluruh Eropa. ^[1]

 

Jenis Gitar

• The Pick Guitar

The Pick guitar dimainkan dengan memetik senar dengan sebuah pick, dimana pick ini bentuknya bulat pipih seperti buah Almond yang terbuat dari tempurung penyu atau plastik.
Perbedaan gitar jenis ini adalah terdapat 2 buah lubang suara yang berbentuk S-Shaped pada badan bagian depan gitar. Senarnya terbuat dari kawat dan tersambung pada Tailpiece / ujung pengikat senar. Fingerboard / leher gitar berdekatan dan ditandai dengan garis besi / namanya Frets. Frets merupakan tempat dimana jari tangan sebelah kiri menekan senar. Gunanya untuk mempermudah bagi pemain untuk mencari not not dan bermain dengan irama.
Sejak pertengahan dekade 30-an, Pick Guitar telah dibuat / diubah menjadi Electric Guitar dengan memasang Contact Microphone dibawah senar atau Pickups. Kemudian Pickup itu disambungkan dengan Loudspeaker. The Pick Guitar dan Electric Guitar yang paling sering digunakan dalam musik Jazz, band band dansa dan grup Rock.
Pada umumnya, gitar mempunyai jumlah dawai 6; lalu muncul gitar dengan 12 dawai yang lebih lazim digunakan dalam kancah musik country. Pada dekade 50-an, muncul gitar dengan dua neck (fretboard); yang satu berdawai 6 dan satunya berdawai 12 (seperti yang sering digunakan oleh John McLaughlin). Kemudian muncul pula gitar berdawai 7 (seperti yang biasa dipakai oleh Bucky Pizzarelli), bahkan muncul pula gitar berdawai 10. Elektrik gitar lalu berkembang; Solid-Body (seperti yang sudah dijelaskan diatas tanpa bunyi resonansi, hingga benar-benar suara elektrik) jenis gitar hollow-body dan semi-hollowed. Jenis elektrik gitar seperti itu lazim digunakan dalam kancah musik rock / pop. Jenis elektrik gitar tersebut pun berlanjut dengan penggunaan aneka macam sound effect.
Bagian dari Electric Guitar
Gitar adalah unsur terpenting dalam sebuah band. Gitar yang kita kenal di zaman sekarang ini mempunyai jenis dan bentuk yang beraneka ragam. Tetapi yang akan kita bahas kali ini adalah inti dari bagian-bagian guitar.

• The Finger-Style Guitar

The Finger-Style Guitar dimainkan dengan memetik senar dengan jari jari. Senar senarnya terbuat dari Nylon, Sutera dan kawat. Gitar ini mempunyai satu lingkaran lubang suara. The Fingerboard mempunyai Frets seperti Pick Guitar tetapi lebih lebar. Banyak karya dari para maestro klasik, diantaranya Bach dan Chopin, telah diaransemen untuk gitar. Gitar, baik yang The Finger-Style Guitar ataupun The Pick Guitar, kerapkali menjadi favorit bagi penyanyi lagu lagu daerah. Sebuah bentuk musik gitar yang popular tapi sulit adalah Flamenco, tarian Gypsy Spanyol. ^[1]

Lihat pula

• Gitar akustik
• Gitar listrik